This abstract presents an overview of Nigeria’s nation-building issues, concentrating on the effects of historical legacies, ethnic tensions, and government institutions. The historical legacies of Nigeria’s colonial history, as well as the imposition of arbitrary borders, have fractured society, impeding the creation of a unified national identity. Political competition, economic inequality, and fights for power and resources have fostered ethnic tensions, resulting in conflicts and violence. Government arrangements, such as military dictatorship and weak institutions, have exacerbated these conflicts and hampered efficient government. Corruption and poor administration have exacerbated socioeconomic inequality while undermining public trust. These problems have hampered Nigeria’s nation-building attempts, resulting in an identity crisis, weak national cohesiveness, and recurrent outbreaks of violence. Initiatives such as the National Youth Service Corps and constitutional reforms have been implemented to address these difficulties, but more comprehensive and inclusive methods are required. These include inclusive governance, power devolution, dialogue and reconciliation, economic development, and institutional and good governance strengthening. Nigeria may establish trust, promote inclusivity, and address the core causes of ethnic tensions by following these steps, thereby contributing to effective nation-building.